Do pediatric medicines induce topographic changes in dental enamel?

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of common pediatric liquid medicines on surface roughness and tooth structure loss and to evaluate the pH values of these medicines at room and cold temperatures in vitro. Eighty-four bovine enamel blocks were divided into seven groups (n = 12): G1-Alivium®, G2-Novalgina®, G3-Betamox®, G4-Clavulin®, G5-Claritin®, G6-Polaramine® and G7-Milli-Q water (negative control). The pH was determined and the samples were immersed in each treatment 3x/day for 5 min. 3D non-contact profilometry was used to determine surface roughness (linear Ra, volumetric Sa) and the Gap formed between treated and control areas in each block. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were also performed. The majority of liquid medicines had pH ≤ 5.50. G1, G4, and G5 showed alterations in Ra when compared with G7 (p < 0.05). According to Sa and Gap results, only G5 was different from G7 (p < 0.05). Alteration in surface was more evident in G5 SEM images. EDS revealed high concentrations of carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, and calcium in all tested groups. Despite the low pH values of all evaluated medicines, only Alivium®, Clavulin®, and Claritin® increased linear surface roughness, and only Claritin® demonstrated the in vitro capacity to produce significant tooth structure loss.

Cetirizine and loratadine - comparing their antagonist effects on isolated trachea of rabbit

To study and compare the antagonist effects of Cetirizine and Loratadine on histamine induced contractions of isolated trachea of rabbit. Comparative controlled invitro experimental study. This study was conducted at The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Basic Medical Sciences Institute [BMSI] Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center [JPMC] Karachi, for the period of six months. Isolated tracheal smooth muscles of twenty four rabbits were used. Fresh Kreb's nutritional solution was prepared for each subject. Tracheal smooth muscles were exposed to standard dilution of Histamine, and then they were challenged with serial dilutions [10 [-18]to 10 [-3]gm. /ml] of Cetirizine and Loratadine separately. Responses as rate and amplitudes of contractions were recorded by 7B Grass Polygraph machine. Cetirizine inhibit the rate of histamine induced contractions of tracheal muscles from 0.85 to 12.33% and amplitude from 0.0 to 82.69%, as concentration of drugs increased. While Loratadine inhibit the rate of histamine induced tracheal contractions from 0.85 to 10.59% and amplitude from 6.5 to 76.82% as concentration of drugs increased. Cetirizine found more potent than Loratadine as inhibitor of histamine induced contraction in isolated tracheal smooth muscles of rabbit. Basic Sciences

study of the effect of H1-and H2-receptor blocking drugs on the normal healing process of excised skin wounds in the rat

In this study, 240 adult healthy albino rats of both sexes were used. They were classified into control and drug-treated groups. Full thickness excised skin wounds were inflicted on the shaved dorsal aspect of the thoracic wall. The mean healing time, rate of wound contraction, the total and the saline soluble collagen concentrations in the healing wound area were measured. Loratadine did not significantly alter any of the wound healing parameters studied. Cimetidine has caused a statistically significant shortening of the mean healing time, acceleration of wound contraction rate, reduction of the total and increase in the saline soluble collagen concentration in the healing wound area 2 and 3 weeks post-wounding

Evaluación comparativa del astemizol-pseudoefedrina y loratadina-pseudoefedrina en niños con rinitis alérgica / Evaluated comparative the effectiveness and safety of astemizole-pseudoephedrine to loratadine-pseudoephedrine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Se realizó un estudio con el propósito de evaluar la eficacia y la tolerancia de la solución astemizol-pseudoefedrina en comparación con el jarabe loratadina-pseudoefedrina en el tratamiento de la rinitis alérgica. Se incluyeron 50 niños de uno y otro sexo (34 varones y 16 mujeres) de edades entre 2 y 7 años que se asignaron al azar a cada grupo. Los pacientes se evaluaron antes, a los 3 y los 7 días de tratamiento. Los niños tratados con astemizol-pseudoefedrina obtuvieron mejores resultados, con efectividad promedio de 48 por ciento contra 64 por ciento de loratadina-pseudoefedrina. La diferencia fue significativa a favor de astemizol-pseudoefedrina para los síntomas oculares según las evaluaciones del médico y para la obstrucción y el prurito nasal y el estornudo según el diario del paciente. Ambos medicamentos comenzaron su acción antes de 30 minutos de administrados; a las 4 horas 38 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo tratado con astemizol-pseudoefedrina refirieron alivio contra 16 por ciento del grupo loratadina-pseudoefedrina. Un paciente del primer grupo y tres del segundo presentaron efectos secundarios

Loratadina, novo anti-histaminico nao sedativo / Loratadine, new non-sedating antihistamine

Breve revisao da loratadina,novo antagonista do receptor H1,quanto à açao farmacologica,farmacocinética,efeitos adversos,uso terapêutico,dose,associaçao,interaçoes,mecanismos de açao e comparaçao com outros anti-histaminicos H1.

Eficacia e inocuidad de loratadina vs terfenadina en el tratamiento de niños con rinitis alérgica perenne: capacidad para inhibir la respuesta cutánea positiva después del tratamiento antihistamínico / Efficacy and innocuity of loratidine vs terfenadine in the treatment of children with perennial allergic rhinitis

Se estudiaron 104 pacientes (estudiantes de la Facultad Medicina de la UANL), con síntomas de rinitis alérgica perenne de los que sólo se seleccionaron 30; siete pacientes se trataron con loratadina 10 mg, ocho con loratadina 20 mg, 15 con terfenadina 120 mg por día durante 21 días. Tanto la loratadina a 20 mg como la terfenadina 120 mg demostraron una reducción estadisticamente significativa (P> 0.0005) en el control de síntomas. Dos pacientes informaron que tuvieron reacciones adversas con terfenadina, por lo que abandonaron el estudio. La terfenadina fue más eficaz que loratadina en la disminución de la reactividad cutánea

Evaluation of the sedative and some anticholinergic effects of the H1 antagonists loratadine and pheniramine in experimental animals

All antihistaminic drugs have adverse effect of some degree. The most common side effects are sedation and anticholinergic responses. On isolated rabbit jejunum pheniramine [1-2 ug/ml] reduced significantly contraction induced by a submaximal dose of acetylcholine. However, loratadine [1-16 ug/ml] produced no reduction. Loratadine in doses up to [300 mg/kg] which is more than 300 times the effective antihistaminic dose, produced no significant effect on spontaneous motor activity in motor coordination nor in parkinsonism induced by fluphenamine [10 mg/kg: s.c] in adult rats. On the other hand, pheniraine [5 mg/kg] intraperitoneal reduced significantly spontaneous motor activity and motor coordination in experimental rats. Like loratadines, it has no effect on fluphenazine induced parkinsonism. It can be concluded that loratadine is a nonsedating antihistaminic with no peripheral or central anticholinergic effects even in doses 300 times the antihistaminic dose. So, it is a safe and well tolerate